The Victorian Age was a period of incredible growth and change in North America and most of Europe. Arriving on the heels of the Industrial Revolution, the Victorian era was marked by rapid advancements in science, technology, and medicine. Queen Victoria’s reign brought not only the proliferation of steam-driven transportation (trains and boats), but also culture-altering inventions such as photography, the telephone, and electric light.

But another important revolution of the Victorian era was a social one. During the 19^th century, women began playing integral roles in almost every part of society – science, medicine, education reform, literature, social reform, etc. As you may have heard by now, March is Women’s History Month, and we’re happy to celebrate by taking a closer look at some of the exceptional, influential women who contributed most to their culture and their world. These women were the trailblazers and pioneers of their time, and they all made the world a better place.

Florence Nightingale

Nurse and Social Reformer

(1820-1910)

Florence Nightingale rose to prominence through her work during the Crimean War of 1853-56. Nightingale cared for wounded British soldiers at Constantinople, earning the name “The Lady with the Lamp” by making rounds overnight to check in on sick and wounded soldiers. Her work was instrumental in professionalizing nursing as an occupation, and she continued to elevate the reputation of women in medicine throughout the rest of her life. Nightingale founded a nursing school at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London and wrote prodigiously about health care in a way that made important medical information accessible to the working class.

Ada Lovelace

Mathematician and Writer

(1815-1852)

The only daughter of British Romantic poet Lord Byron, Ada Lovelace chose not to follow her father’s literary lead. Instead, with her mother’s encouragement, Ada pursued science and mathematics. Describing her approach as “poetical science,” Lovelace was especially interested in how mathematics could be applied to technological advancements. At just 17 years old, she developed a long friendship with British mathematician Charles Babbage, who had developed something called an “Analytical Engine” – an early version of the digital computer. While Babbage eventually became known as the “father of computers,” it was Lovelace who wrote and published what’s considered to be the first algorithm, or computer program. Lovelace recognized that Babbage’s creation had potential functions that transcended simple calculation, and as a result she is considered to be one of the world’s first computer programmers.

Elizabeth Fry

Prison Reformer and Humanitarian

(1780-1845)

Quaker and Christian philanthropist Elizabeth Fry dedicated her life to British prison and social reform. Compelled by her deep faith to go out into the world and actively do good works, Fry began researching poverty and imprisonment in England. In 1813, she visited Newgate Prison in London and discovered abysmal conditions there, including women and children crammed into small cells doing their own cooking and cleaning and sleeping on straw. Horrified by the conditions she found there, Fry determined to make the prison system more humane. Her work led to widespread reforms in the British prison system, and she also established an overnight shelter in London to help the homeless.

Harriet Martineau

Sociologist

(1802-1876)

A social theorist who penned influential books and essays about a wide range of social, political, and religious subjects, Harriet Martineau is often considered the first female sociologist. The early 19^th century was a time when most “serious” social subjects – economics, politics, religion – were generally seen as the province of men. Refusing to be constrained by traditional gender roles, Martineau freely ventured into all of these fields and wrote influential works with an intellectual clarity that transcended contemporary expectations. Martineau was so significant that she was invited to Queen Victoria’s coronation in 1838. She even wrote her own autobiography in 1877, which was unusual for women at the time.

Emmeline Pankhurst

Suffragette and Social Reformer

(1858-1928)

In 1888, Emmeline Pankhurst founded the Women’s Franchise League to advocate for the right of both married and unmarried women to vote in Great Britain. Women’s suffrage had been restricted since the Reform Act of 1832, and Pankhurst spent most of her adult life trying to reverse that policy. In the late 19^th and early 20^th century, Pankhurst partnered with several suffragist organizations – some of which used violent methods and hunger strikes to bring greater awareness and urgency to their cause. She died in 1928, only months before the Representation of the People Act passed, extending the right to vote to all British women over 18 years old. Two years later, Pankhurst was honored with a statue in Victoria Tower Gardens near the Houses of Parliament.

Marie Curie

Scientist

(1867-1934)

Born in 1867, Marie Curie was instrumental in developing the first X-ray machines and pioneering the studies of using radium and radioactivity in medicine. Her work in the field of radiation led to the production of mobile radiation labs, which were used on the battlefield during World War I. Known as “Little Curies,” these mobile radiography units were used to diagnose and treat over a million wounded soldiers. Curie was the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize (and the only woman to win the Nobel Prize twice), and she was the first woman to be buried in the French Parthenon based solely upon her life’s work (not based on her role as a wife or queen).

The Brontë Sisters

Novelists and Poets

Charlotte (1816-1855), Emily (1818-1848), and Anne (1820-1849)

The Brontë sisters – Charlotte, Emily, and Anne – grew up the daughters of an Anglican clergyman in the village of Haworth, on the Yorkshire moors. Their mother died just a year after Anne was born, and the sisters were often left at home together for long stretches of time. To keep themselves company and entertain each other, the sisters wrote stories and poetry from the time they were very young. In just two years, the girls published a series of novels that cemented their literary legacies: Anne’s Agnes Grey and Charlotte’s Jane Eyre in 1847, and Anne’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall and Emily’s Wuthering Heights in 1848.

Tragically, Emily and Anne both died of tuberculosis within a year of their publishing flurry. Charlotte lived another six years before she died of the same disease that took her sisters. But the sisters’ works – especially Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre – have stood the test of time and inspired the imaginations of generations of readers and writers.

Emily Davies

Education Reformer

(1830-1921)

Born in Southampton, England, Emily Davies spent most of her life advocating for education and women’s right to university access. Davies moved to London in 1862 to edit the English Women’s Journal, and she soon developed a strong network of feminist and social reformer friends. Many of these women founded a women’s discussion group called the Kensington Society, who began working toward British women’s suffrage. These efforts were ultimately unsuccessful, but in 1869 Davies co-founded Girton College, Cambridge – the first English university college that educated women.

Elizabeth Garrett Anderson

Physician and Surgeon

(1836-1917)

Elizabeth Garrett Anderson began her medical career as a nurse. But when feminist trailblazers Emily Davies and Elizabeth Blackwell (America’s first female physician) recognized her talent and potential, they encouraged her to try to become a doctor. Anderson’s efforts to enroll in medical school were denied at first, but she persevered and eventually became the first woman in Britain to qualify as a physician and surgeon. Anderson opened her own private practice before co-founding the New Hospital for Women – a hospital staffed entirely by women – in London in 1872. Never quite done paving new paths for women, Anderson also served as the first dean of a medical school in England and the first female mayor in Great Britain (in Aldeburgh, on the Suffolk Coast).

Queen Victoria

Queen (It’s right there in her name!)

(1819-1901)

No list of prominent Victorian women would be complete without acknowledging the woman who gave the era its name. A resolute, indomitable woman who fundamentally reformed the British monarchy during her 64-year reign, Queen Victoria expanded the British Empire to encompass 400 million subjects across a quarter of the globe. Her reign also saw extraordinary advancements in science, medicine, technology, and engineering.

The family life Victoria built with her beloved Prince Albert served as a much-admired model of a loving family unit, while her insistence on separating the royal crown from the internal and external political machinations of Great Britain changed the essence of the British monarchy for the next hundred-plus years. Perhaps most importantly, though, Victoria stood as a paragon of moral and social stability in an age defined by rapid expansion and change.

If you’re familiar with the classic Christmas carol “The 12 Days of Christmas,” you likely see it as either a really fun countdown song (see: John Denver & The Muppets’ rendition) or a cute carol featuring a lot of birds that goes on a bit too long.

What you might not know is that “The 12 Days of Christmas” isn’t actually a countdown song leading up to Christmas, but instead is a song celebrating a period of time after Christmas. The 12 days of Christmas, which begins on Christmas Day, is a seasonal celebration leading up to the Epiphany, or the day on which – according to the New Testament – the three Magi (or Wise Men) visited the newborn Jesus in Bethlehem and recognized him as the son of God.

During the Middle Ages, the Advent season leading up to Christmas consisted of fasting, restraint, and quiet anticipation. Christmas Day, then, kicked off a 12-day season of parties, feasts, balls, and other celebrations that continued until the Epiphany (or Three Kings Day) on January 6^th.

The night before Epiphany is called Twelfth Night, and it’s generally known in much of Europe as a night of preparation for the end of Christmastide celebrations. In many countries, so-called “king cakes” – dense, rich fruitcakes – are baked on Twelfth Night. In early 19^th century England, a bean or a pea was baked into Twelfth Night cakes. When the cake was eaten the next day, whoever discovered the bean was named king or queen for the day.

Twelfth Night is also the night when families finish removing Christmas trees, ornaments, and decorations in their homes. It’s a night of putting away the holidays, which is always a little wistful. But it’s also a joyous, celebratory night that includes the singing of carols, magnificent feasting, and the performance of plays. William Shakespeare’s comedy Twelfth Night, first performed in 1601, plays into the holiday’s historical association with lighthearted confusion and practical jokes.

In historic England, Twelfth Night and Epiphany feasts leaned heavily into foods and drinks that tasted of ginger, cinnamon, and other rich spices associated with the holiday. And one drink in particular was the star: Wassail. Derived from an Old Norse word, wassail (pronounced WAH-sel) is a drink made with mulled cider, apples, cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger, and other spices. It’s a warm, delicious drink that exudes all the fragrant sweetness of the holidays. Wassail was mixed in large communal bowl and served during Epiphany feasts, and it was taken from home to home as neighbors wished each other good cheer. This is where the Christmas carol “The Wassail Song” (“Here we come a-wassailing”) comes from!

The holidays are winding down now and many of us have already started to put away our decorations, but there’s still a lot of joy to be shared and experienced. On this Twelfth Night (Epiphany Eve), we’d like to wish you good fortune in the coming year. We’d also like to offer you a wassail recipe that you can enjoy and share with your family tonight or tomorrow. Here in Kansas City, some of us will be mixing up a batch and toasting to good health and happiness in the New Year. Wherever you are tonight, we hope you’ll raise a warm cup of something special and do the same. Cheers, and happy Twelfth Night!

HOMEMADE WASSAIL

Ingredients:

• 3-6 Small Apples
• 2-3 tbs Brown Sugar
• 1½ qts Sweet Apple Cider
• 1 Orange, peeled and juiced
• Cinnamon Sticks
• Fresh Grated Nutmeg (for topping)

Instructions:

Enjoy!

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Today is the Winter Solstice – the first day of winter and the shortest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere. Traditionally, this day of longest darkness and shortest light is a time to pause and reflect. It’s a time to think about what has passed and what is yet to come.

The darkest days of the year are behind us now. After today, the days will gradually grow longer again. The sun will linger a bit longer in the sky, eventually bringing renewal and regeneration as winter wanes and spring returns. This year in particular – a year when so many of us have experienced myriad types of darkness and loss – this reflective pause is especially poignant.

This year’s Winter Solstice also brings with it a rather uncommon occurrence. The planets Jupiter and Saturn align from our perspective every 20 years, but it’s been almost 800 years since they’ve been as close together as they’ll be tonight. When you look up into the sky this evening, you’ll see what appears to be a double-planet star sometimes known as the “Christmas Star,” or the “Star of Bethlehem.” The light of Jupiter and Saturn will create a brilliantly bright effect that might recall the star from the nativity story in the Gospel of Matthew – the star of wonder that guided the three Wise Men to the newborn Jesus in Bethlehem.

The star that appeared on the night of the nativity story might have been the same star we’ll see tonight, or it might have been a rarer triple planetary conjunction of Venus, Saturn, and Jupiter. Either way, tonight’s planetary alignment – or “Solstice Star” – will be something special to behold. For those of us who live in the Northern Hemisphere, the best time to see this phenomenon will be about 45 minutes after sunset tonight. When that time comes, walk outside and gaze into the southwestern sky. For best results, carry a warm cup of mulled wine or hot cocoa outside with you and stand in silence and just take in the quiet, peaceful wonder of the season.

Percy Bysshe Shelley closed his 1820 poem “Ode to the West Wind” by asking “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” The Winter Solstice is a day of endings and beginnings and transitions. But most of all, it’s a day of hope. And that’s something we should all appreciate and celebrate as Christmas approaches and 2020 draws to a close.

Christmastime is here! And when the most wonderful time of the year arrives, the most meaningful traditions aren’t far behind. Decorating Christmas trees and homes, giving gifts, exchanging Christmas cards…we eagerly anticipate these things every year. But traditions weren’t always traditions. All traditions have a beginning, and many of these beginnings happened during the Victorian Age.

Christmas at the beginning of the 19^th century bore little resemblance to the Christmas we know today. Low literacy rates, huge economic disparities, and the lack of industrial advancement all combined to create very basic, unadorned celebrations. But as the century progressed – especially during reign of Queen Victoria – Great Britain began to experience technological, societal, and infrastructure advancements that changed the way Christmas was celebrated. By the end of the century, many of the traditions we know and love today had begun to take shape.

A few weeks ago, we explored the Victorian origins of Christmas greeting cards. Today, as we head into the heart of the Christmas season, we’re pausing to take a look at some of the other traditions that make this time of year so merry and memorable.

Gift-Giving:

During the 19^th century, England began to see industrial advancements that allowed a new middle class to develop and thrive. As a result, more people had disposable income to buy things that they might not have been able to afford before. Whereas Christmas gifts had once been largely hand-made and prohibitively expensive, new mechanization and mass-production techniques (including huge strides in printing and literacy) began to make toys, books, and other gifts more affordable and accessible to more of the population.

Giving fun gifts to children became more feasible, and exchanging gifts with friends and family became more practical and commonplace. A gift-giving tradition that had once been reserved for wealthy families at the New Year was shifted to Christmastime for a lot more people, and that certainly opened up the season to more widespread, collective celebration.

Christmas Trees:

Holly, ivy, fir trees, and other evergreens have been used to decorate during winter months going back millennia. Romans, Egyptians, Scandinavians, and other ancient cultures used evergreen décor to symbolize the eventual return of spring, while Christians saw evergreens as symbols of eternal life in Heaven. Trees and wreaths are the most familiar greenery of the winter, and this was nothing new for the Victorians.

But the idea of setting up a tree inside the home and decorating it as part of a holiday celebration was new. Fir trees (also known as Weinachtsbaums or Tannenbaums) decorated with gingerbread and fruit, glass ornaments, and candles had become common in Germany. The familiar carol “O Tannenbaum” – later “O Christmas Tree” – was written in Leipzig, Germany in 1824. While not technically a Christmas carol, “O Tannenbaum” was about constancy and faithfulness, and it has become a traditional holiday song.

Germany was the native country of Queen Victoria’s husband, Prince Albert, who seems to have brought the Christmas tree tradition to England with him. During Christmastime in 1848, the Illustrated London News published an illustration of Victoria, Albert, and their family celebrating Christmas around an elaborately decorated tree. This led Christmas trees to become widely popular in both England and America in the following years, and the tradition only continued to grow. To this day, it’s hard to think of a pop culture Christmas story that doesn’t feature a Christmas tree in some memorable way.

Christmas Crackers:

In 1840, an industrious London baker named Tom Smith traveled to Paris and discovered the “bon bon” – a French treat featuring a sugared almond wrapped in tissue paper with a twist on either end. Smith began to make his own bon bons when he returned to London, but in 1847 decided to add a dramatic twist to the treat.

Inspired by the crackling sound of logs in a fireplace, Smith decided to recreate the sound by layering two strips of paper together with silver fulminate on one side and an abrasive surface on the other. The paper was wrapped around a tube and twisted on either end. When the sides of the wrapper were pulled, the friction created a surprising popping or “cracking” sound. Smith placed a variety of jokes and assorted treats inside the cracker tubes, and the novelty was an immediate hit. Smith’s fun Christmas tradition has continued to delight millions for over 150 years.

St. Nickolas / Santa Claus / Father Christmas

This one is a bit tricky because in modern times, these folk figures seem to blur together. But it all started with St. Nicholas – a Bishop born in Asia Minor (now Turkey) in the 3rd century AD. During his life, Nicholas earned a reputation for being incredibly kind and generous – especially to the poor and less fortunate. The traditions of giving secret gifts and placing gifts in stockings are attributed to him. Nicholas was exiled during a Christian purge by Emperor Diocletian and died in the year 343 on December 6^th (now known as St. Nicholas Day), but he was later canonized as a saint by the Catholic church, and his charitable legend was preserved for centuries.

After the European Reformation of the 14^th century, the veneration of saints (St. Nicholas among them) fell out of favor. To fill the void of a kindly figure who spread cheer during midwinter festivals, a folk character with colorful robes and a long beard was created. The name “Father Christmas” first emerged in 17^th century England, and the character became the most familiar embodiment of Christmas revelry through the Victorian Age.

As Christmas grew in prominence during the 19^th century, writers and artists began discovering and re-telling the stories of various holiday folk characters. As a result, St. Nicholas and Father Christmas experienced a renaissance of sorts. In 1823, the Troy, New York Sentinel published an anonymous poem (later attributed to American writer named Clement Clarke Moore) called “A Visit from St. Nicholas.” Better known today as “’Twas the Night Before Christmas,” the poem had an immediate and dramatic impact on how the St. Nicholas character was perceived. St. Nicholas was now modernized, and Moore created many of the physical characteristics we now associate with the character.

The traditional Dutch name for St. Nicholas, “Sinterklaas,” soon morphed into “Santa Claus,” and the Father Christmas and Santa Claus figures of British and American cultures began to merge in the late 19^th and early 20^th centuries. Whatever he’s called and however he’s depicted, one thing that has never changed is that Santa/St. Nicholas/Father Christmas has always represented the very best of the holiday season: Cheer, joy, generosity, and good will.

Boxing Day

Non-British people who are unfamiliar with the tradition sometimes think Boxing Day is a day for boxing up discarded gift wrap or boxing up gifts to return, but Boxing Day actually began as a much more charitable occasion. Dating back to the Middle Ages, St. Steven’s Day was the day when church alms boxes – which were used to collect money for those in need – were opened and their contents distributed to the poor. In the 1830s, the British designated this day “Boxing Day” and determined that it would occur the day after Christmas, or December 26^th. Boxing Day was also traditionally a day when wealthier British families gave their servants boxes of monetary gifts and leftovers from the previous day’s Christmas feast (and the day off!).

Today, Boxing Day is primarily associated with shopping and sports in the UK and other former British territories (including Canada, Australia, and New Zealand). It’s still a designated holiday, but much of its original meaning has been lost. Still, songs such as the Christmas carol “Good King Wenceslas” carry reminders of the day’s origins. Written in 1853, the carol is set on St. Stephen’s Day and celebrates a wealthy king who was renowned for his generosity toward the poor. The song ties Boxing Day into the Victorian focus on charity for those less fortunate during the holiday.

We hope you’ve enjoyed this look back at some of the most prominent Christmas customs and traditions of the Victorian Age. That unforgettable period has left a lasting impression on how most of us experience the holiday season. From pulling ancient customs into 19^th century “modernity” to placing a greater emphasis on family, charity, and the importance of Christmas Day as the center of the holidays, the Victorians left a rich legacy to which we’re all indebted. And that’s definitely worth remembering and celebrating, even as we enjoy celebrating new traditions of our own!

Sending Christmas cards to friends and family has become as much a part of the holiday season as decorating trees, wrapping gifts, and putting up holiday lights. We all love these traditions, but we don’t really think often about why we do them. They’re just something we do.

But the tradition of sending Christmas cards is one that stretches back to the early Victorian age (over 150 years ago), and its history is actually pretty fascinating. The first Christmas card wasn’t sent out of obligation or sentiment, but because its sender was rather panicked and stressed out during the holidays. (And honestly, who can’t relate?)

Henry Cole, a well-heeled educator and supporter of the arts in Victorian England, knew a lot of people, and a lot of people knew him. Because advancements in the British postal system had made sending letters very easy and affordable, Cole had started getting inundated with correspondence from many of his friends and colleagues. By the time the holidays arrived in 1843 (coincidentally, the same year Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol was first published), Cole was worried that he wouldn’t have time to respond to everyone in his social circle and that people would find his lack of correspondence rude.

But Cole had an idea. He commissioned an artist friend by the name of J.C. Horsley to design and illustrate a scene that Cole described to him: A family gathered round a table, festively sipping wine as scenes of seasonal charity and acts of goodwill flanked each side. The postcard carried a simple, sendable message in the center, and a line in the bottom right allowed Cole to quickly personalize it with his signature.

And so the first holiday (post)card was born. Cole had 1,000 of these cards printed and mailed out, and only 21 have survived. But Cole’s creation sparked a tradition that has grown and evolved ever since.

Despite the success of Cole’s postcard idea, the card-sending tradition took several decades to really take off. For one thing, literacy rates were still catching up with printing advancements. But printing methods were also still relatively expensive, so few people or businesses could afford to commission and print cards to send out. This changed in the 1850s, when a British artist named George Baxter invented a printing method that allowed cheaper mass production of color prints.

Even after Baxter’s creation, though, there wasn’t really a clear roadmap for successful Christmas cards. Because there were neither traditional greetings nor familiar Christmas iconography in British or American culture, holiday postcards were kind of all over the place and reflected a wide range of themes and images. Victorian tastes in art and humor ran the full gamut, and some of those early postcards were just plain weird. Below is a sampling of some of the most eclectic.

Victorians were particularly interested in unique fantasy creatures and animals, and greeting cards of the era reflected these tastes and trends. After all, greeting cards and postcards were used more to delight and entertain than they were to fulfill an expected social obligation. The more visually interesting and unexpected, the better. This was especially evident in the two kinds of animal postcards that emerged at the time. Some were cute and relatively safe:

But some were more whimsical and outright peculiar:

Animals were far from the only cards embraced by the Victorians, though. By the late 1800s, the more familiar iconography of Christmas started taking shape. As a result, a number of distinct and consistent themes began to emerge. From the silly to the serious to the sacred, Victorian holiday greeting cards and postcards are a visual feast. Below are examples of some of the major categories these cards started falling into.

Santa:

Landscapes:

Kids and the Anticipation of Christmas:

Snowmen:

Angels and Spirituality:

Socialites and Aristocracy:

Winter Activities:

Victorian Ladies:

And, of course, a healthy mix of the weird and wonderful:

So as you choose, fill out, and mail your Christmas cards this year, remember that there’s no real right way to do it. The original card was created because its sender ran out of time, and the next few decades were a free-for-all of people sending a wide variety of strange, sweet, and silly greetings to the people closest to them. The important thing is to make your cards reflect yourself, the people to whom you’re sending them, or (ideally) both! Especially this year, just embrace what you love and share it with the people who mean the most to you.

[Note: Many of the designs in this post have been recreated and turned into Christmas cards by Victorian Trading Co. in recent years. To browse our vintage greeting card collection, please feel free to visit us here. And thank you for reading!]

In late May 1908, a garden party was held at Governor’s Island, NY.

Let your mind wander to a time of grandeur. Relish in the grace and gentility exhibited in the following images.

Continue reading “A Garden Party on Governor’s Island” →